{"id":10711,"date":"2010-12-01T18:52:00","date_gmt":"2010-12-02T02:52:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/library.consciencelaws.org\/?p=10711"},"modified":"2023-01-28T15:31:52","modified_gmt":"2023-01-28T23:31:52","slug":"the-first-amendments-religion-clauses-freedom-of-conscience-versus-institutional-accommodation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/library.consciencelaws.org\/?p=10711","title":{"rendered":"The First Amendment&#8217;s Religion Clauses: &#8220;Freedom of Conscience&#8221; Versus Institutional Accommodation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Michael J. White<\/h4>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"143\" height=\"230\" src=\"https:\/\/library.consciencelaws.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sandiegolawrev.jpg\" alt=\"San Diego Law Review\" class=\"wp-image-11133\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">San Diego Law Review<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Abstract:<\/strong><br> The phrase &#8220;freedom of conscience&#8221; is, of course, not to be found in the United States Constitution: the First Amendment says only that &#8220;Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.&#8221; However, it seems probable that one, then-contemporary Protestant conception of freedom of conscience was presupposed in these two clauses. Evidence for this conjecture can be found not only in the debate and proposals concerning the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution but also in the frequently more expansive language of early state constitutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>White MJ.  <a href=\"https:\/\/digital.sandiego.edu\/sdlr\/vol47\/iss4\/11\/\">The First Amendment&#8217;s Religion Clauses: &#8220;Freedom of Conscience&#8221; Versus Institutional Accommodation<\/a>. 47 San Diego L. Rev. 1075 (2010).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Michael J. White Abstract: The phrase &#8220;freedom of conscience&#8221; is, of course, not to be found in the United States Constitution: the First Amendment says only that &#8220;Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.&#8221; However, it seems probable that one, then-contemporary Protestant conception of freedom of &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/library.consciencelaws.org\/?p=10711\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;The First Amendment&#8217;s Religion Clauses: &#8220;Freedom of Conscience&#8221; Versus Institutional Accommodation&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1645,2,559,552,720],"tags":[1230],"post_folder":[],"class_list":["post-10711","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-institutions-hospitals-etc","category-journal-article","category-law","category-religion","category-religious-freedom","tag-michael-j-white"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\r\n<title>The First Amendment&#039;s Religion Clauses: &quot;Freedom of Conscience&quot; Versus Institutional Accommodation - Protection of Conscience Project Library<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It is likely that a then-contemporary Protestant conception of freedom of conscience was presupposed in the US Constitution&#039;s First Amendment.\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/library.consciencelaws.org\/?p=10711\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The First Amendment&#039;s Religion Clauses: &quot;Freedom of Conscience&quot; Versus Institutional Accommodation - Protection of Conscience Project Library\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"It is likely that a then-contemporary Protestant conception of freedom of conscience was presupposed in the US Constitution&#039;s First Amendment.\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/library.consciencelaws.org\/?p=10711\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Protection of Conscience Project Library\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/consciencepro\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2010-12-02T02:52:00+00:00\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-01-28T23:31:52+00:00\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/library.consciencelaws.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sandiegolawrevog.jpg\" \/>\r\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"600\" \/>\r\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"338\" \/>\r\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Project Administrator\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/library.consciencelaws.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sandiegolawrevog.jpg\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@consciencpro\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@consciencpro\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Project Administrator\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/library.consciencelaws.org\\\/?p=10711#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/library.consciencelaws.org\\\/?p=10711\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Project Administrator\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/library.consciencelaws.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/263d102b35e3f7822db6d548b2555098\"},\"headline\":\"The First Amendment&#8217;s Religion Clauses: &#8220;Freedom of Conscience&#8221; 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